1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Zamadol Melt 50 mg Tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each tablet contains 50 mg of tramadol hydrochloride.
For excipients, see 6.1
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Orodispersible tablets and dispersible tablets.
Round, white, biconcave tablet, engraved 'T' on one side and '50' on the other side, with a characteristic mint flavour.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Treatment of moderate to severe pain.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
As with all analgesic drugs, the dose of Zamadol Melt 50 mg Tablets should be adjusted according to the severity of the pain and the clinical response of the individual patient.
Adults and adolescents aged 12 years and over
For oral use:
Acute pain :
An initial dose is 50-100 mg depending on the intensity of pain. This can be followed by doses of 50 or 100 mg not more frequently than 4 hourly, and duration of therapy should be matched to clinical need. A total daily dose of 400 mg should not be exceeded except in special clinical circumstances.
Pain associated with chronic conditions :
Use an initial dose of 50 mg and then titrate dose according to pain severity. The initial dose may be followed if necessary by 50-100 mg every 4 to 6 hours. The recommended doses are intended as a guideline. Patients should always receive the lowest dose that provides effective pain control. A total daily dose of 400 mg should not be exceeded except in special clinical circumstances. The need for continued treatment should be assessed at regular intervals as withdrawal symptoms and dependence have been reported (see section 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use).
Elderly :
The usual dosage may be used although it should be noted that in volunteers aged over 75 years the elimination half-life of tramadol was increased following oral administration. An adjustment of the dosage or increasing the dose interval should be considered.
Renal impairment/renal dialysis :
The elimination of tramadol may be prolonged. The usual initial dosage should be used. For patients with creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min, the dosage interval should be increased to 12 hours. Tramadol is not recommended for patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 10 ml/min).
As tramadol is only removed very slowly by haemodialysis or haemofiltration, post-dialysis administration to maintain analgesia is not usually necessary.
Hepatic impairment :
The elimination of tramadol may be prolonged. The usual initial dosage should be used but in hepatic impairment the dosage interval should be increased to 12 hours and the dose reduced if necessary. Tramadol is not recommended for patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Children under 12 years :
Not recommended.
The tablet disperses rapidly in the mouth and is then swallowed. Alternatively, the tablet can be dispersed in half a glass of water, stirred and drunk immediately independently of meals.
4.3 Contraindications
Zamadol Melt 50 mg Tablets must not be administered to patients who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients.
The product must not be administered to patients suffering from acute intoxication or overdose with alcohol, hypnotics, centrally acting analgesics, opioids or psychotropic drugs.
In common with other opioid analgesics it must not be administered to patients who are receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors or within two weeks of their withdrawal. It must not be administered concomitantly with nalbuphine, buprenorphine or pentazocine (see 4.5, interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
Contraindicated in patients suffering from uncontrolled epilepsy.
Tramadol must not be administered during breast-feeding if long term treatment is necessary.
Zamadol Melt 50 mg Tablets is not suitable for children under 12 years of age.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Warnings :
At therapeutic doses, Zamadol Melt 50 mg Tablets has the potential to cause withdrawal symptoms. Rarely cases of dependence and abuse have been reported. However, Zamadol Melt should only be used for short periods and under strict medical supervision in patients with a tendency of drug abuse or dependence.
At therapeutic doses withdrawal symptoms have been reported at a reporting frequency of 1 in 8,000. Reports of dependence and abuse have been less frequent. Because of this potential the clinical need for continued analgesic treatment should be reviewed regularly. In patients with a tendency to drug abuse or dependence, treatment should be for short periods and under strict medical supervision.
Zamadol Melt is not suitable as a substitute in opioid-dependent patients. Although it is an opioid agonist, it cannot suppress morphine withdrawal symptoms.
Alcohol intake and concomitant use of carbamazepine are not recommended during treatment.
Precautions :
Zamadol Melt should be used with caution in patients with head injury, increased intracranial pressure, impairment of hepatic and renal function, decreased level of consciousness and in patients prone to convulsive disorders or in shock.
Convulsions have been reported at therapeutic doses and the risk may be increased at doses exceeding the usual upper daily dose limit. Patients with a history of epilepsy or those susceptible to seizures should only be treated with tramadol if there are compelling reasons. The risk of convulsions may increase in patients taking tramadol and concomitant medication that can lower the seizure threshold (see section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
At the recommended doses Zamadol Melt is unlikely to produce clinically relevant respiratory depression. However, care should be taken when treating patients with existing respiratory depression, or excessive bronchial secretion and in those patients taking concomitant CNS depressant drugs.
The ingredient aspartame contains a source of phenylalanine which may be harmful to people with phenylketonuria.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Concomitant use of the following is contraindicated:
Patients treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors within 14 days prior to the administration of the opioid pethidine have experienced life-threatening interactions affecting the central nervous system as well as the respiratory and circulatory centres (risk of serotonergic syndrome – see below). The possibility of similar interactions occurring between monoamine oxidase inhibitors (including the selective MAO A and B inhibitors and linezolid) and tramadol cannot be ruled out.
The combination of mixed agonists/antagonists (e.g. buprenorphine, nalbuphine, pentazocine) and tramadol is not recommended because it is theoretically possible that the analgesic effect of a pure agonist is attenuated under these circumstances and that a withdrawal syndrome may occur.
Concomitant use of the following needs to be taken into consideration:
Isolated cases of serotonergic syndrome have been reported with the therapeutic use of tramadol in combination with other serotonergic agents such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Signs of serotonergic syndrome may include: confusion, restlessness, agitation, fever, sweat, tachycardia, tremor, ataxia, hyper-reflexia, myoclonus, diarrhoea and possibly coma. Withdrawal of the serotonergic agent produces a rapid improvement.
Concomitant administration of Zamadol Melt with other centrally acting drugs (including other opioid derivatives, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, other anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedative anti-depressants, sedative anti-histamines, neuroleptics, centrally acting anti-hypotensive drugs, baclofen and alcohol) may potentiate CNS depressant effects including respiratory depression.
Simultaneous administration of carbamazepine markedly decreases serum concentrations of tramadol to an extent that a decrease in analgesic effectiveness and a shorter duration of action may occur.
Tramadol may increase the potential for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) , tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), anti-psychotics and other seizure threshold lowering drugs (e.g. bupropion and mefloquine) to cause convulsions (see sections 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use and 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties).
There have been isolated reports of interaction with coumarin anticoagulants resulting in an increased international normalised ratio (INR) and so care should be taken when commencing treatment with tramadol in patients on anticoagulants.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy :
In humans, there are no sufficient data to assess malformative effect of tramadol when given during the first trimester of pregnancy. Animal studies have not shown any teratogenic effects, but at high doses, foetotoxicity due to maternotoxicity appeared (See 5.3 Preclinical data).
Tramadol crosses the placenta, therefore as with other opioid analgesics, chronic use of tramadol during the third trimester may induce a withdrawal syndrome in new-born. At the end of pregnancy, high dosages, even for short term treatment, may induce respiratory depression in new-born. There is inadequate evidence available on the safety of tramadol in human pregnancy, therefore Zamadol Melt should not be used in pregnant woman.
Lactation :
Tramadol and its metabolites are found in small amounts in human breast milk. An infant could ingest 0.1 % of the dose given to the mother. Zamadol Melt should not be administered during breast feeding.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Zamadol Melt may cause drowsiness and this effect may be potentiated by alcohol and other CNS depressants. Ambulant patients should be warned not to drive or operate machinery if affected.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The table below presents possible adverse drug reactions in system organ class order and sorted by frequency.
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Psychic side-effects may occur following administration of tramadol which vary individually in intensity and nature (depending on personality and duration of medication). These include changes in mood (usually elation, occasionally dysphoria), changes in activity (usually suppression, occasionally increase) and changes in cognitive and sensorial capacity (e.g. decision behaviour, perception disorders), hallucinations, confusion, sleep disturbances and nightmares.
Prolonged administration of Zamadol Melt may lead to dependence (see section 4.4). Symptoms of withdrawal reactions, similar to those occurring during opiate withdrawal, may occur as follows: agitation, anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, hyperkinesia, tremor and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Epileptiform convulsions are rare and occur mainly after administration of high doses of tramadol or after concomitant treatment with drugs which can lower the seizure threshold or themselves induce cerebral convulsions (e.g. antidepressants or anti-psychotics, see section 4.5 "Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction".
Worsening of asthma has also been reported, though a causal relationship has not been established. Respiratory depression has been reported. If the recommended doses are considerably exceeded and other centrally depressant substances are administered concomitantly (see section 4.5 "Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction") respiratory depression may occur.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms of overdose are typical of other opioid analgesics, and include miosis, vomiting, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, sedation and coma, epileptic seizures and respiratory depression. Respiratory failure may also occur.
Supportive measures such as maintaining the patency of the airway and maintaining cardiovascular function should be instituted; naloxone should be used to reverse respiratory depression; fits can be controlled with diazepam. Naloxone administration may increase the risk of seizures. The use of benzodiazepines (intravenously) should be considered for patients with seizures.
Tramadol is minimally eliminated from the serum by haemodialysis or haemofiltration. Therefore treatment of acute intoxication with Zamadol Melt with haemodialysis or haemofiltration alone is not suitable for detoxification.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Analgesic, Other opioids, ATC code: N02AX02
Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic. It is a non selective pure agonist at mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors with a higher affinity for the mu receptor. Other mechanisms which may contribute to its analgesic effect are inhibition of neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline and enhancement of serotonin release.
Tramadol has antitussive properties. Unlike morphine, tramadol does not depress breathing over a wide range of analgesic doses. The effects of tramadol on the cardiovascular system are comparatively small. The potency of tramadol is 1/10 to 1/6 that of morphine.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption
After oral administration, tramadol is almost completely absorbed. Mean absolute bioavailability is approximately 70% following a single dose and increases to approximately 90% at steady state.
Following a single oral dose administration of tramadol 100 mg to young healthy volunteers, plasma concentrations were detectable within approximately 15-45 minutes with a mean Cmax of 280 to 308 ng/ml and Tmax of 1.6 to 2 hours.
In a specific study of comparing the Orodispersible tablets with Immediate Release capsules, the administration of a single dose of 50 mg Zamadol Melt in healthy volunteers produced a mean AUC 1102 + 357 ng.h/ml, a mean Cmax 141 + 39 ng/ml; and a mean Tmax 1.5 hours. This demonstrated bioequivalence to 50 mg immediate release capsules (AUC 1008 + 285 ng.h/ml; Cmax 139 + 37 ng/ml; Tmax 1.5 hours).
Distribution
Plasma protein binding of tramadol is approximately 20%. It is independent of the plasma concentration of the drug within the therapeutic range.
Tramadol crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placental barrier. Tramadol and its metabolite O-desmethyltramadol are detectable in breast milk in very small amounts (0.1% and 0.02% of the administered doses, respectively).
Tramadol has a high tissue affinity, with an apparent volume of distribution of 3 to 4 l/kg.
Metabolism
Tramadol is metabolised by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. It undergoes biotransformation to a number of metabolites mainly by means of N- and O-demethylation. O-desmethyl tramadol appears to be the most pharmacologically active metabolite, showing analgesic activity in rodents. It is 2 to 4 times more active than tramadol.
As humans excrete a higher percentage of unchanged tramadol than animals it is believed that the contribution made by this metabolite to analgesic activity is likely to be less in humans than animals. In humans the plasma concentration of this metabolite is about 25% that of unchanged tramadol.
The inhibition of one or both cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 involved in the metabolism of tramadol, may affect the plasma concentration of tramadol or its active metabolite. The clinical consequences of any such interactions are not known.
Elimination
For tramadol, the terminal elimination half-life (t½β) was 6.0 ± 1.5 hours in young volunteers. For O-desmethyltramadol, t½β (6 healthy volunteers) was 7.9 hours (range 5.4 – 9.6 hours).
When C14 labelled tramadol was administered to humans, approximately 90% was excreted via the kidneys with the remaining 10% appearing in the faeces.
Tramadol pharmacokinetics show little age dependence in volunteers up to the age of 75 years. In volunteers aged over 75 years, t½β was 7.0 ± 1.6 hours on oral administration.
Since tramadol is eliminated both metabolically and renally, the terminal half-life t½β may be prolonged in impaired hepatic or renal function. However, the increase in the t½β values is relatively low if at least one of these organs is functioning normally. In patients with liver cirrhosis t½β tramadol was a mean of 13.3 ± 4.9 hours ; in patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance
PK/PD
Tramadol has a linear pharmacokinetic profile within the therapeutic dosage range.
The PK/PD relation is dose-dependent, but varies within a wide range. Generally, a serum concentration between 100 and 300 ng/ml is effective.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
In single and repeat-dose toxicity studies (rodents and dogs) exposure to tramadol 10 times that expected in man is required before toxicity (hepatotoxicity) is observed. Symptoms of toxicity are typical of opioids and include restlessness, ataxia, vomiting, tremor, dyspnoea and convulsions.
Exposure to tramadol (>that expected in man), in lifetime toxicity studies in rodents did not reveal any evidence of carcinogenic hazard, and a battery of in-vitro and in-vivo mutagenicity tests were negative.
No teratogenic effects have been observed in animal tests (rat and rabbit: the dosage of Tramadol given has been up to seven times higher than the dosage given to humans). Minimal embryo toxic effects (delayed ossification) were observed in the tests. No effect was observed on the fertility or the development of the offspring in the tests.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
ethylcellulose,
copovidone,
silicon dioxide,
mannitol (E421),
crospovidone,
aspartame (E951),
mint rootbeer flavouring,
magnesium stearate
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
3 years.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
This medicinal product does not require any special storage precautions
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Tablets in blisters composed of two sheets:
- a complex of polyamide/ aluminium/poly(vinyl chloride)
- a sheet of aluminium.
Pack sizes: 10, 20, 28, 30, 40, 50, 56, 60 and 100 tablets.
'Not all pack sizes may be marketed.'
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Meda Pharmaceuticals Ltd
249 West George Street
Glasgow
G2 4RB
Trading as:
Meda Pharmaceuticals Ltd
Skyway House
Parsonage Road
Takeley
Bishop's Stortford
CM22 6PU
UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 15142/0128
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
1st November 2009
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
1st November 2009
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