Ticlodix may be available in the countries listed below.
Ticlopidine hydrochloride (a derivative of Ticlopidine) is reported as an ingredient of Ticlodix in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Gentamicina Biol may be available in the countries listed below.
Gentamicin is reported as an ingredient of Gentamicina Biol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Colestokiol may be available in the countries listed below.
Atorvastatin is reported as an ingredient of Colestokiol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Regulax Picosulfat may be available in the countries listed below.
Sodium Picosulfate monohydrate (a derivative of Sodium Picosulfate) is reported as an ingredient of Regulax Picosulfat in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Women who use Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection may lose significant bone mineral density. Bone loss is greater with increasing duration of use and may not be completely reversible.
It is unknown if use of Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection during adolescence or early adulthood, a critical period of bone accretion, will reduce peak bone mass and increase the risk for osteoporotic fracture in later life.
Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection should not be used as a long-term birth control method (i.e., longer than 2 years) unless other birth control methods are considered inadequate. (See Warnings and Precautions (5.1)).
Depo-Provera CI is indicated only for the prevention of pregnancy. The loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in women of all ages and the impact on peak bone mass in adolescents should be considered, along with the decrease in BMD that occurs during pregnancy and/or lactation, in the risk/benefit assessment for women who use Depo-Provera CI long-term [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Both the 1 mL vial and the 1 mL prefilled syringe of Depo-Provera CI should be vigorously shaken just before use to ensure that the dose being administered represents a uniform suspension.
The recommended dose is 150 mg of Depo-Provera CI every 3 months (13 weeks) administered by deep IM injection in the gluteal or deltoid muscle. Depo-Provera CI should not be used as a long-term birth control method (i.e. longer than 2 years) unless other birth control methods are considered inadequate. Dosage does not need to be adjusted for body weight [See Clinical Studies (14.1)].
To ensure the patient is not pregnant at the time of the first injection, the first injection should be given ONLY during the first 5 days of a normal menstrual period; ONLY within the first 5-days postpartum if not breast-feeding; and if exclusively breast-feeding, ONLY at the sixth postpartum week. If the time interval between injections is greater than 13 weeks, the physician should determine that the patient is not pregnant before administering the drug. The efficacy of Depo-Provera CI depends on adherence to the dosage schedule of administration.
When switching from other contraceptive methods, Depo-Provera CI should be given in a manner that ensures continuous contraceptive coverage based upon the mechanism of action of both methods, (e.g., patients switching from oral contraceptives should have their first injection of Depo-Provera CI on the day after the last active tablet or at the latest, on the day following the final inactive tablet).
Sterile Aqueous suspension: 150mg/ml
Prefilled syringes are available packaged with 22-gauge × 1 1/2 inch BD SafetyGlide™ Needles.
The use of Depo-Provera CI is contraindicated in the following conditions:
Use of Depo-Provera CI reduces serum estrogen levels and is associated with significant loss of bone mineral density (BMD). This loss of BMD is of particular concern during adolescence and early adulthood, a critical period of bone accretion. It is unknown if use of Depo-Provera CI by younger women will reduce peak bone mass and increase the risk for osteoporotic fracture in later life.
After discontinuing Depo-Provera CI in adolescents, mean BMD loss at total hip and femoral neck did not fully recover by 60 months (240 weeks) post-treatment [see Clinical Studies (14.3)]. Similarly, in adults, there was only partial recovery of mean BMD at total hip, femoral neck and lumbar spine towards baseline by 24 months post-treatment. [See Clinical Studies (14.2).]
Depo-Provera CI should not be used as a long-term birth control method (i.e., longer than 2 years) unless other birth control methods are considered inadequate. BMD should be evaluated when a woman needs to continue to use Depo-Provera CI long-term. In adolescents, interpretation of BMD results should take into account patient age and skeletal maturity.
Other birth control methods should be considered in the risk/benefit analysis for the use of Depo-Provera CI in women with osteoporosis risk factors. Depo-Provera CI can pose an additional risk in patients with risk factors for osteoporosis (e.g., metabolic bone disease, chronic alcohol and/or tobacco use, anorexia nervosa, strong family history of osteoporosis or chronic use of drugs that can reduce bone mass such as anticonvulsants or corticosteroids). Although there are no studies addressing whether calcium and Vitamin D may lessen BMD loss in women using Depo-Provera CI, all patients should have adequate calcium and Vitamin D intake.
There have been reports of serious thrombotic events in women using Depo-Provera CI (150 mg). However, Depo-Provera CI has not been causally associated with the induction of thrombotic or thromboembolic disorders. Any patient who develops thrombosis while undergoing therapy with Depo-Provera CI should discontinue treatment unless she has no other acceptable options for birth control.
Do not re-administer Depo-Provera CI pending examination if there is a sudden partial or complete loss of vision or if there is a sudden onset of proptosis, diplopia, or migraine. Do not re-administer if examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular lesions.
Breast Cancer
Women who currently have or have had breast cancer should not use hormone contraceptives, including Depo-Provera CI, because breast cancer may be hormonally sensitive. Women with a strong family history of breast cancer or who have breast nodules should be monitored with particular care.
A pooled analysis from two case-control studies, the World Health Organization Study and the New Zealand Study, reported the relative risk (RR) of breast cancer for women who had ever used Depo-Provera CI as 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97 to 1.4). Overall, there was no increase in risk with increasing duration of use of Depo-Provera CI. The RR of breast cancer for women of all ages who had initiated use of Depo-Provera CI within the previous 5 years was estimated to be 2.0 (95% CI 1.5 to 2.8).
The World Health Organization Study, a component of the pooled analysis described above, showed an increased RR of 2.19 (95% CI 1.23 to 3.89) of breast cancer associated with use of Depo-Provera CI in women whose first exposure to drug was within the previous 4 years and who were under 35 years of age. However, the overall RR for ever-users of Depo-Provera CI was 1.2 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.52).
The National Cancer Institute reports an average annual incidence rate for breast cancer for US women, all races, age 15 to 34 years of 8.7 per 100,000. A RR of 2.19, thus, increases the possible risk from 8.7 to 19.0 cases per 100,000 women.
Cervical Cancer
A statistically nonsignificant increase in RR estimates of invasive squamous-cell cervical cancer has been associated with the use of Depo-Provera CI in women who were first exposed before the age of 35 years (RR 1.22 to 1.28 and 95% CI 0.93 to 1.70). The overall, nonsignificant relative rate of invasive squamous-cell cervical cancer in women who ever used Depo-Provera CI was estimated to be 1.11 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.29). No trends in risk with duration of use or times since initial or most recent exposure were observed.
Other Cancers
Long-term case-controlled surveillance of users of Depo-Provera CI found no overall increased risk of ovarian or liver cancer.
Be alert to the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy among women using Depo-Provera CI who become pregnant or complain of severe abdominal pain.
Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reaction have been reported with the use of Depo-Provera CI. Institute emergency medical treatment if an anaphylactic reaction occurs.
Discontinue Depo-Provera CI use if jaundice or acute or chronic disturbances of liver function develop. Do not resume use until markers of liver function return to normal and Depo-Provera CI causation has been excluded.
There have been a few reported cases of convulsions in patients who were treated with Depo-Provera CI. Association with drug use or pre-existing conditions is not clear.
Monitor patients who have a history of depression and do not readminister Depo-Provera CI if depression recurs.
Most women using Depo-Provera CI experience disruption of menstrual bleeding patterns. Altered menstrual bleeding patterns include amenorrhea, irregular or unpredictable bleeding or spotting, prolonged spotting or bleeding, and heavy bleeding. Rule out the possibility of organic pathology if abnormal bleeding persists or is severe, and institute appropriate treatment.
As women continue using Depo-Provera CI, fewer experience irregular bleeding and more experience amenorrhea. In clinical studies of Depo-Provera CI, by month 12 amenorrhea was reported by 55% of women, and by month 24, amenorrhea was reported by 68% of women using Depo-Provera CI.
Women tend to gain weight while on therapy with Depo-Provera CI. From an initial average body weight of 136 lb, women who completed 1 year of therapy with Depo-Provera CI gained an average of 5.4 lb. Women who completed 2 years of therapy gained an average of 8.1 lb. Women who completed 4 years gained an average of 13.8 lb. Women who completed 6 years gained an average of 16.5 lb. Two percent of women withdrew from a large-scale clinical trial because of excessive weight gain.
A decrease in glucose tolerance has been observed in some patients on Depo-Provera CI treatment. Monitor diabetic patients carefully while receiving Depo-Provera CI.
Detectable amounts of drug have been identified in the milk of mothers receiving Depo-Provera CI. In nursing mothers treated with Depo-Provera CI, milk composition, quality, and amount are not adversely affected. Neonates and infants exposed to medroxyprogesterone from breast milk have been studied for developmental and behavioral effects through puberty. No adverse effects have been noted.
Because progestational drugs including Depo-Provera CI may cause some degree of fluid retention, monitor patients with conditions that might be influenced by this condition, such as epilepsy, migraine, asthma, and cardiac or renal dysfunction.
Return to ovulation and fertility is likely to be delayed after stopping Depo-Provera CI. In a large US study of women who discontinued use of Depo-Provera CI to become pregnant, data are available for 61% of them. Of the 188 women who discontinued the study to become pregnant, 114 became pregnant. Based on Life-Table analysis of these data, it is expected that 68% of women who do become pregnant may conceive within 12 months, 83% may conceive within 15 months, and 93% may conceive within 18 months from the last injection. The median time to conception for those who do conceive is 10 months following the last injection with a range of 4 to 31 months, and is unrelated to the duration of use. No data are available for 39% of the patients who discontinued Depo-Provera CI to become pregnant and who were lost to follow-up or changed their mind.
Patients should be counseled that Depo-Provera CI does not protect against HIV infection (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Although Depo-Provera CI should not be used during pregnancy, there appears to be little or no increased risk of birth defects in women who have inadvertently been exposed to medroxyprogesterone acetate injections in early pregnancy. Neonates exposed to medroxyprogesterone acetate in-utero and followed to adolescence showed no evidence of any adverse effects on their health including their physical, intellectual, sexual or social development.
A woman who is taking hormonal contraceptive should have a yearly visit with her healthcare provider for a blood pressure check and for other indicated healthcare.
The use of Depo-Provera CI may change the results of some laboratory tests, such as coagulation factors, lipids, glucose tolerance, and binding proteins. [See Drug Interactions (7.2)].
The following important adverse reactions observed with the use of Depo-Provera CI are discussed in greater detail in the Warnings and Precautions section (5):
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
In the two clinical trials with Depo-Provera CI, over 3,900 women, who were treated for up to 7 years, reported the following adverse reactions, which may or may not be related to the use of Depo-Provera CI. The population studied ranges in age from 15 to 51 years, of which 46% were White, 50% Non-White, and 4.9% Unknown race. The patients received 150 mg Depo-Provera CI every 3-months (90 days). The median study duration was 13 months with a range of 1–84 months. Fifty eight percent of patients remained in the study after 13 months and 34% after 24 months.
| Body System* | Adverse Reactions (Incidence (%)) |
|---|---|
| |
| Body as a Whole | Headache (16.5%) Abdominal pain/discomfort (11.2%) |
| Metabolic/Nutritional | Increased weight> 10lbs at 24 months (37.7%) |
| Nervous | Nervousness (10.8%) Dizziness (5.6%) Libido decreased (5.5%) |
| Urogenital | Menstrual irregularities: (bleeding (57.3% at 12 months, 32.1% at 24 months) amenorrhea (55% at 12 months, 68% at 24 months) |
| Body System* | Adverse Reactions (Incidence (%)) |
|---|---|
| |
| Body as a Whole | Asthenia/fatigue (4.2%) Backache (2.2%) Dysmenorrhea (1.7%) Hot flashes (1.0%) |
| Digestive | Nausea (3.3%) Bloating (2.3%) |
| Metabolic/Nutritional | Edema (2.2%) |
| Musculoskeletal | Leg cramps (3.7%) Arthralgia (1.0%) |
| Nervous | Depression (1.5%) Insomnia (1.0%) |
| Skin and Appendages | Acne (1.2%) No hair growth/alopecia (1.1%) Rash (1.1%) |
| Urogenital | Leukorrhea (2.9%) Breast pain (2.8%) Vaginitis (1.2%) |
Adverse reactions leading to study discontinuation in ≥ 2% of subjects: bleeding (8.2%), amenorrhea (2.1%), weight gain (2.0%)
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Depo-Provera CI. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
There have been cases of osteoporosis including osteoporotic fractures reported post-marketing in patients taking Depo-Provera CI.
| Body System* | Adverse Reactions |
|---|---|
| |
| Body as a Whole | Chest pain, Allergic reactions, Fever, Pain at injection site, Chills, Axillary swelling |
| Cardiovascular | Syncope, Tachycardia, Thrombophlebitis, Deep vein thrombosis, Pulmonary embolus, Varicose veins |
| Digestive | Changes in appetite, Gastrointestinal disturbances, Jaundice, Excessive thirst, Rectal bleeding |
| Hematologic and Lymphatic | Anemia, Blood dyscrasia |
| Musculoskeletal | Osteoporosis |
| Nervous | Paralysis, Facial palsy, Paresthesia, Drowsiness |
| Respiratory | Dyspnea and asthma, Hoarseness |
| Skin and Appendages | Hirsutism, Excessive sweating and body odor, Dry skin, Scleroderma |
| Urogenital | Cervical cancer, Breast cancer, Lack of return to fertility, Unexpected pregnancy, Prevention of lactation, Changes in breast size, Breast lumps or nipple bleeding, Galactorrhea, Melasma, Chloasma, Increased libido, Uterine hyperplasia, Genitourinary infections, Vaginal cysts, Dyspareunia |
If a woman on hormonal contraceptives takes a drug or herbal product that induces enzymes, including CYP3A4, that metabolize contraceptive hormones, counsel her to use additional contraception or a different method of contraception. Drugs or herbal products that induce such enzymes may decrease the plasma concentrations of contraceptive hormones, and may decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives. Some drugs or herbal products that may decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives include:
HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Significant changes (increase or decrease) in the plasma levels of progestin have been noted in some cases of co-administration of HIV protease inhibitors. Significant changes (increase or decrease) in the plasma levels of the progestin have been noted in some cases of co-administration with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Antibiotics: There have been reports of pregnancy while taking hormonal contraceptives and antibiotics, but clinical pharmacokinetic studies have not shown consistent effects of antibiotics on plasma concentrations of synthetic steroids.
Consult the labeling of all concurrently-used drugs to obtain further information about interactions with hormonal contraceptives or the potential for enzyme alterations.
The pathologist should be advised of progestin therapy when relevant specimens are submitted.
The following laboratory tests may be affected by progestins including Depo-Provera CI:
Depo-Provera CI should not be administered during pregnancy. [See Contraindications and Warnings and Precautions (5.16).]
Detectable amounts of drug have been identified in the milk of mothers receiving Depo-Provera CI. [See Warnings and Precautions (5.12).]
Depo-Provera CI is not indicated before menarche. Use of Depo-Provera CI is associated with significant loss of BMD. This loss of BMD is of particular concern during adolescence and early adulthood, a critical period of bone accretion. In adolescents, interpretation of BMD results should take into account patient age and skeletal maturity. It is unknown if use of Depo-Provera CI by younger women will reduce peak bone mass and increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures in later life. Other than concerns about loss of BMD, the safety and effectiveness are expected to be the same for postmenarchal adolescents and adult women.
This product has not been studied in post-menopausal women and is not indicated in this population.
The effect of renal impairment on Depo-Provera CI pharmacokinetics has not been studied.
The effect of hepatic impairment on Depo-Provera CI pharmacokinetics has not been studied. Depo-Provera CI should not be used by women with significant liver disease and should be discontinued if jaundice or disturbances of liver function occur. [See Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.6).]
Depo-Provera CI contains medroxyprogesterone acetate, a derivative of progesterone, as its active ingredient. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is active by the parenteral and oral routes of administration. It is a white to off-white; odorless crystalline powder that is stable in air and that melts between 200°C and 210°C. It is freely soluble in chloroform, soluble in acetone and dioxane, sparingly soluble in alcohol and methanol, slightly soluble in ether, and insoluble in water.
The chemical name for medroxyprogesterone acetate is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 17-(acetyloxy)-6-methyl-, (6α-).
The structural formula is as follows:
Depo-Provera CI for intramuscular (IM) injection is available in vials and prefilled syringes, each containing 1 mL of medroxyprogesterone acetate sterile aqueous suspension 150 mg/mL.
| Each mL contains: | |
| Medroxyprogesterone acetate | 150 mg |
| Polyethylene glycol 3350 | 28.9 mg |
| Polysorbate 80 | 2.41 mg |
| Sodium chloride | 8.68 mg |
| Methylparaben | 1.37 mg |
| Propylparaben | 0.150 mg |
| Water for injection | quantity sufficient |
| When necessary, pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid, or both. | |
Depo-Provera CI (medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA]), when administered at the recommended dose to women every 3 months, inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins which, in turn, prevents follicular maturation and ovulation and results in endometrial thinning. These actions produce its contraceptive effect.
No specific pharmacodynamic studies were conducted with Depo-Provera CI.
Absorption
Following a single 150 mg IM dose of Depo-Provera CI in eight women between the ages of 28 and 36 years old, medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations, measured by an extracted radioimmunoassay procedure, increase for approximately 3 weeks to reach peak plasma concentrations of 1 to 7 ng/mL.
Distribution
Plasma protein binding of MPA averages 86%. MPA binding occurs primarily to serum albumin. No binding of MPA occurs with sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).
Metabolism
MPA is extensively metabolized in the liver by P450 enzymes. Its metabolism primarily involves ring A and/or side-chain reduction, loss of the acetyl group, hydroxylation in the 2-, 6-, and 21-positions or a combination of these positions, resulting in more than 10 metabolites.
Excretion
The concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate decrease exponentially until they become undetectable (<100 pg/mL) between 120 to 200 days following injection. Using an unextracted radioimmunoassay procedure for the assay of medroxyprogesterone acetate in serum, the apparent half-life for medroxyprogesterone acetate following IM administration of Depo-Provera CI is approximately 50 days. Most medroxyprogesterone acetate metabolites are excreted in the urine as glucuronide conjugates with only minor amounts excreted as sulfates.
Specific Populations
The effect of hepatic and/or renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of Depo-Provera CI is unknown.
[See Warnings and Precautions, (5.3, 5.14, and 5.16).]
In five clinical studies using Depo-Provera CI, the 12-month failure rate for the group of women treated with Depo-Provera CI was zero (no pregnancies reported) to 0.7 by Life-Table method. The effectiveness of Depo-Provera CI is dependent on the patient returning every 3 months (13 weeks) for reinjection.
In a controlled, clinical study, adult women using Depo-Provera CI for up to 5 years showed spine and hip BMD mean decreases of 5–6%, compared to no significant change in BMD in the control group. The decline in BMD was more pronounced during the first two years of use, with smaller declines in subsequent years. Mean changes in lumbar spine BMD of -2.86%, -4.11%, -4.89%, -4.93% and -5.38% after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively, were observed. Mean decreases in BMD of the total hip and femoral neck were similar.
After stopping use of Depo-Provera CI (150 mg), there was partial recovery of BMD toward baseline values during the 2-year post-therapy period. Longer duration of treatment was associated with less complete recovery during this 2-year period following the last injection. Table 4 shows the change in BMD in women after 5 years of treatment with Depo-Provera CI and in women in a control group, as well as the extent of recovery of BMD for the subset of the women for whom 2-year post treatment data were available.
| Time in Study | Spine | Total Hip | Femoral Neck | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depo-Provera* | Control† | Depo-Provera* | Control† | Depo-Provera* | Control† | |
| ||||||
| 5 years | -5.38% n=33 | 0.43% n=105 | -5.16% n=21 | 0.19% n=65 | -6.12% n=34 | -0.27% n=106 |
| 7 years | -3.13% n=12 | 0.53% n=60 | -1.34% n=7 | 0.94% n=39 | -5.38% n=13 | -0.11% n=63 |
The impact of Depo-Provera CI (150 mg) use for up to 240 weeks (4.6 years) was evaluated in an open-label non-randomized clinical study in 389 adolescent females (12–18 years). Use of Depo-Provera CI was associated with a significant decline from baseline in BMD.
Partway through the trial, drug administration was stopped (at 120 weeks). The mean number of injections per Depo-Provera CI user was 9.3. The decline in BMD at total hip and femoral neck was greater with longer duration of use (see Table 5). The mean decrease in BMD at 240 weeks was more pronounced at total hip (-6.4%) and femoral neck (-5.4%) compared to lumbar spine (-2.1%).
In general, adolescents increase bone density during the period of growth following menarche, as seen in the untreated cohort. However, the two cohorts were not matched at baseline for age, gynecologic age, race, BMD and other factors that influence the rate of acquisition of bone mineral density.
| Duration of Treatment | Depo-Provera CI (150 mg IM) | Unmatched, Untreated Cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean % Change | N | Mean % Change | |
| Total Hip BMD | ||||
| Week 60 (1.2 years) | 113 | -2.75 | 166 | 1.22 |
| Week 120 (2.3 years) | 73 | -5.40 | 109 | 2.19 |
| Week 240 (4.6 years) | 28 | -6.40 | 84 | 1.71 |
| Femoral Neck BMD | ||||
| Week 60 | 113 | -2.96 | 166 | 1.75 |
| Week 120 | 73 | -5.30 | 108 | 2.83 |
| Week 240 | 28 | -5.40 | 84 | 1.94 |
| Lumbar Spine BMD | ||||
| Week 60 | 114 | -2.47 | 167 | 3.39 |
| Week 120 | 73 | -2.74 | 109 | 5.28 |
| Week 240 | 27 | -2.11 | 84 | 6.40 |
BMD recovery post-treatment in adolescent women
Longer duration of treatment and smoking were associated with less recovery of BMD following the last injection of Depo-Provera CI. Table 6 shows the extent of recovery of BMD up to 60 months post-treatment for adolescent women who received Depo-Provera CI for two years or less compared to more than two years. Post-treatment follow-up showed that, in women treated for more than two years, only lumbar spine BMD recovered to baseline levels after treatment was discontinued. Subjects treated with Depo-Provera for more than two years did not recover to their baseline BMD level at femoral neck and total hip even up to 60 months post-treatment. Adolescent women in the untreated cohort gained BMD throughout the trial period (data not shown).
| Duration of Treatment | 2 years or less | More than 2 years | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean % Change from baseline | N | Mean % Change from baseline | |
| Total Hip BMD | ||||
| End of Treatment | 49 | -1.5% | 49 | -6.2% |
| 12 M post-treatment | 33 | -1.4% | 24 | -4.6% |
| 24 M post-treatment | 18 | 0.3% | 17 | -3.6% |
| 36 M post-treatment | 12 | 2.1% | 11 | -4.6% |
| 48 M post-treatment | 10 | 1.3% | 9 | -2.5% |
| 60 M post-treatment | 3 | 0.2% | 2 | -1.0% |
| Femoral Neck BMD | ||||
| End of Treatment | 49 | -1.6% | 49 | -5.8% |
| 12 M post-treatment | 33 | -1.4% | 24 | -4.3% |
| 24 M post-treatment | 18 | 0.5% | 17 | -3.8% |
| 36 M post-treatment | 12 | 1.2% | 11 | -3.8% |
| 48 M post-treatment | 10 | 2.0% | 9 | -1.7% |
| 60 M post-treatment | 3 | 1.0% | 2 | -1.9% |
| Lumbar Spine BMD | ||||
| End of Treatment | 49 | -0.9% | 49 | -3.5% |
| 12 M post-treatment | 33 | 0.4% | 23 | -1.1% |
| 24 M post-treatment | 18 | 2.6% | 17 | 1.9% |
| 36 M post-treatment | 12 | 2.4% | 11 | 0.6% |
| 48 M post-treatment | 10 | 6.5% | 9 | 3.5% |
| 60 M post-treatment | 3 | 6.2% | 2 | 5.7% |
A retrospective cohort study to assess the association between DMPA injection and the incidence of bone fractures was conducted in 312,395 female contraceptive users in the UK. The incidence rates of fracture were compared between DMPA users and contraceptive users who had no recorded use of DMPA. The Incident Rate Ratio (IRR) for any fracture during the follow-up period (mean = 5.5 years) was 1.41 (95% CI 1.35, 1.47). It is not known if this is due to DMPA use or to other related lifestyle factors that have a bearing on fracture rate.
In the study, when cumulative exposure to DMPA was calculated, the fracture rate in users who received fewer than 8 injections was higher than that in women who received 8 or more injections. However, it is not clear that cumulative exposure, which may include periods of intermittent use separated by periods of non-use, is a useful measure of risk, as compared to exposure measures based on continuous use.
There were very few osteoporotic fractures (fracture sites known to be related to low BMD) in the study overall, and the incidence of osteoporotic fractures was not found to be higher in DMPA users compared to non-users. Importantly, this study could not determine whether use of DMPA has an effect on fracture rate later in life.
Cephaguard may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Cefquinome is reported as an ingredient of Cephaguard in the following countries:
Cefquinome sulfate (a derivative of Cefquinome) is reported as an ingredient of Cephaguard in the following countries:
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Zelaika may be available in the countries listed below.
Azelaic Acid is reported as an ingredient of Zelaika in the following countries:
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Tauro may be available in the countries listed below.
Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid dihydrate (a derivative of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid) is reported as an ingredient of Tauro in the following countries:
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Arnex may be available in the countries listed below.
Naproxen is reported as an ingredient of Arnex in the following countries:
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